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History of Economic Integration in Europe

📑 5 slides 👁 31 views 📅 3/9/2026
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Post-WWII Beginnings

Post-WWII Europe sought economic cooperation to prevent future conflicts.

Post-WWII Beginnings
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Treaty of Rome (1957)

  • Established European Economic Community (EEC) with 6 founding members.
  • Created common market for goods, labor, and capital.
  • Introduced Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 1962.
  • Customs union completed by 1968 with internal tariff removal.
Treaty of Rome (1957)
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Single Market & Maastricht

  • Single European Act (1986) set 1992 deadline for single market.
  • Maastricht Treaty (1992) created EU and roadmap for euro.
  • Schengen Agreement (1985) enabled passport-free travel.
  • Euro introduced 1999 (electronic) and 2002 (physical).
Single Market & Maastricht
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Eastern Expansion

  • 2004: Largest EU enlargement (10 new members, mostly ex-communist).
  • 2007: Romania and Bulgaria joined, Croatia in 2013.
  • Integration boosted Eastern Europe GDP growth by 50%+.
  • Challenges emerged in wealth disparity and migration flows.
Eastern Expansion
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Current Challenges

  • Brexit (2020) marked first member state departure.
  • Debates over deeper fiscal union vs national sovereignty.
  • Energy interdependence exposed by 2022 Ukraine crisis.
  • EU GDP reached $16.6T (2022), world's 3rd largest economy.
Current Challenges
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