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Chemistry: Matter and Its Transformations

📑 5 slides 👁 2 views 📅 10/7/2026
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What Is Chemistry?

Chemistry studies matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes, from tiny atoms to complex materials.

What Is Chemistry?
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Atoms and the Periodic Table

  • Atoms contain positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and negatively charged electrons.
  • An element is defined by its proton count; hydrogen has 1 proton, while carbon has 6.
  • The periodic table organizes elements by atomic number and recurring chemical properties.
Atoms and the Periodic Table
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How Atoms Form Bonds

  • Ionic bonds form when electrons transfer between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions that attract.
  • Covalent bonds share electron pairs; water molecules, for example, contain two O–H covalent bonds.
  • Metallic bonding allows electrons to move through a lattice, helping metals conduct heat and electricity.
How Atoms Form Bonds
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Chemical Reactions and Energy

  • Reactions rearrange atoms: reactants become products, but the total number of each type of atom is conserved.
  • Balanced equations reflect this conservation; in 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O, four hydrogen atoms are preserved.
  • Exothermic reactions release energy, while endothermic reactions absorb it from their surroundings.
Chemical Reactions and Energy
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Chemistry in a Sustainable Future

  • Chemistry helps develop medicines, clean water systems, fertilizers, and materials for renewable energy.
  • Green chemistry aims to reduce hazardous substances, energy use, and waste throughout product design.
  • Understanding reactions and materials supports better choices in health, manufacturing, and environmental care.
Chemistry in a Sustainable Future
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